Bush wants 100% local ownership in range of businesses

| 27/06/2024 | 91 Comments
Chris Saunders and McKeeva Bush on Radio Cayman

(CNS): McKeeva Bush MP is filing a private member’s motion ahead of the anticipated parliamentary meeting on 5 July calling for a moratorium on Local Companies (Control) Licences (LCCLs), which are companies operating in the Cayman Islands that are not majority-owned by a local person. The motion seeks to limit the growing number of LCCLs and carve out a list of business types that should be 100% Caymanian-owned.

These include real estate and property firms, construction companies valued up to $1.5 million, car rentals, light-technology businesses valued up to $2.5 million, and watersports operators.

Speaking on Radio Cayman’s Talk Today last week, Bush said the motion asks the government to arrange for the Cayman Development Bank to give loans to local people so they can set up businesses. It also calls for the government to introduce a fee for foreign developers of condo complexes and hotels to place money in a fund that will be used, under specific conditions, to buy land to sell to Caymanians at a subsidised rate.

The motion is seconded by Chris Saunders. Both men said the aim of the motion was for more Caymanians to benefit from the development of the Cayman Islands. Bush said the constitution paves the way to favour Caymanians.

He noted that for many years, there were around three dozen LCCLs. However, that number has exploded in recent years, and there are currently around 250 such licenses in which Caymanians Caymanians are not involved at all or where they own less than 60% of the company.

Explaining why he had agreed to back Bush’s motion, Saunders said people were working hard and getting nowhere as the middle class was disappearing in Cayman. He said it was time for things to change and for the “difficult conversations” to happen.

Saunders said he was concerned about how “bad mind” has impacted the country and how unscrupulous business owners have come to Cayman and found a home here after being run out of many other places. He spoke of the oppression of Caymanians by some foreign business owners.

“At some point, a line needs to be drawn,” he said. Caymanians have lost economic power, but they have not yet lost political power, he said and warned of the potential emergence of far-right politicians who would “mash everything up”. He stressed the need to address the issues that could fuel such a rise, such as the marginalisation of Caymanians in business.

Bush said that the motion was not “anti-foreign national”, adding, “That’s not what this is about.” He noted that the standard of living in Cayman would not be possible without foreign investment.

“Perhaps… I would like to have seen the back of some of them a long time ago,” he said, but Cayman is a democracy. “We don’t want to go that route,” he said and spoke about “sensible nationalism”.

Bush said Cayman had developed to the point where people are feeling left out and the motion was designed to help people here get something out of the development.

Bush remains an influential figure in the UPM government despite sitting on the back bench, but he has not said if he expects support from his front bench colleagues to ensure passage of the motion.

However, the government can accept the motion without necessarily implementing it. PMMs are not binding on the government but require the Cabinet to consider the proposal to determine its viability.

List-of-current-LCCLs

See the relevant edition of TalkToday below:


Share your vote!


How do you feel after reading this?
  • Fascinated
  • Happy
  • Sad
  • Angry
  • Bored
  • Afraid
Print Friendly, PDF & Email

Tags: , ,

Category: Business, Politics

Comments (91)

Trackback URL | Comments RSS Feed

  1. Michel says:

    There are some great posts here.Sadly we need enforcement at all levels. Ah boy Politricks at it’s best. Bird of a feather flock together.

  2. Anonymous says:

    Didn’t Mkeewa do this with his mass Status Grants that created 25,000 New “Caymanians”, including their newly extender families?!
    They now take over the “Convenient Marriage” scam game!
    Now, go Sit-Down and have some shame.
    Then, Sir Smellie devalued our passport to “just a travel document”, and a judge said that locals have NO exclusive rights to our own sea life. Even the baby fish and squrrelfish are targeted now!
    PS. I’m not Caymanian, I’m an Indigenous, Multi Generational Indigenous person!

    15
    • Anonymous says:

      Actually, locals did have exclusive rights to our sea life. A judge, who may not have been from here, seems to have taken issue that people from here needed a license.

      The judge appears to have been wrong.

      The Attorney General, who may not have been from here, did not appeal.

      Mac gave them status though!

      Shame the fish populations are no more.

      13
    • Michel says:

      Absolutly correct 12:11. It’s a real shame.

  3. Anonymous says:

    Simply increase the GOL cost for a real estate agent to the level of a top lawyer. Based on potential income with the ridiculous fees most charge. This could have and should have been done years ago. From the 80’s when Mac was a senior government member.

    12
    1
  4. Anonymous says:

    Election time is nearing! For as long as Bush and Saunders have served they are just getting to this idea?
    POLITICAL POSTURING!
    Let’s not forget that Cambridge Investment company was formed and 60% ownership was held by McKeeva’s wife to handle sales for the Ritz Carlton units!!! This is public knowledge and it amazes me that people’s memories are so short.
    Where have they been to enact anti trust legislation???
    Even past politicians like Ezzard an Arden didn’t bother to introduce legislation to address these issue yet they kept running around beating their chests and sitting in their southeast corner.
    Many of us have been following alot of the nonsense over the years.
    And Saunders please spare us with the “far right politicians” that will mash things up. This coming from an idiot who was pushing reverse mortgages!

    18
    1
  5. Cheese Face says:

    Mac, try hush. The story below this one is far more your speed.

    10
  6. Anonymous says:

    Solution to this is simple: the LCCL process requires caymanians to show proof they can fund the project for millions of dollars, and those figures are often inflated (read: the worst-case scenario).

    So if a building costs 4 million to build, but MAY COST UP TO 8million if things go wrong, the 8 million figure will be used, thus ensuring few caymanians have the ability to participate.

    Solution is simple: Allow caymanians to participate in ANY lccl project with a minimum $10,000 contribution to the project. This allows caymanians to participate in the new hotels being built here by buying a few shares and benefiting directly from the economic activity taking place.

    7
    3
  7. Anonymous says:

    They say you can judge a man by the company he keeps. Well Saunders is cosying up to a violent unrepentant woman beater XXXX.

    Shame on you Saunders. You are not even a man, you are a pathetic craven self-interested opportunist who needs to be booted from public office at the earliest opportunity.

    18
    • Anonymous says:

      Isn’t Saunders Jamaican? I believe he went to school there without a student visa – so I figured he must be. Isn’t there some law about foreign nationals being able to run for elected office in Cayman?

  8. Anonymous says:

    Breaking news! NOBODY gives a shit want macbeater wants. He’s a clown that needs to go away.

    77
    5
    • Anonymous says:

      Where has Mckeeva been all these years on this issue- imagine how different it would have been if he had tried to do something about this many many years ago. I guess better late than never.
      I have always felt that no one should have been granted a work permit to sell Cayman. I also know that real estate companies were always adverse to bringing Caymanians into their companies (cartels). I know how they graded Caymanians test scores harder than their own “fellow expat” by keeping the grades 1 or 2 percent below with their nonsensical comments on the test.

      Construction/purchases/sales: I think that the DOE & Planning Dept., should work together to draft an educational booklet on the general vulnerabilities and susceptibility of various environmental areas and conditions and potential sellers, buyers and builders should be given a copy with the expectation of reading and accepting the guidelines therein. This will alleviate the practice of clearing of land and building without the relevant permit, destroying the mangroves and other trees and plants.

      This future governments should earmark and hold in a “special account ” 15-20% of income from work permits, PRs and status grants, to purchase property coming up for sale and keeping it in trust for Caymanians to buy to be able to build a house, a business etc.., please do it now before it is too late for our people. We have already lost too much.

      10
  9. Anonymous says:

    Big Mac suddenly realizes that after all those years of selling LCCL licenses when he had the power, he should have been renting them.

    72
  10. Anonymous says:

    im all for being open for business but I have always found it strange for foreigners to be selling property and land in Cayman.

    60
    7
  11. Anonymous says:

    Airbnb and rental should only be permitted for Caymanians. This will help lower prices to enable Caymanians to buy a home. You need a work permit for any other job so why not property ownership and rental?

    59
    8
    • Anonymous says:

      yes!! this is a great idea. all those expats come in with their loads of money and buy up properties caymanians can’t even dream of buying, and then they make even MORE millions off of airbnb.

      4
      1
      • DLFH says:

        Trust me when I say I do not make millions of dollars on my vacation rental. I will not call it an “airbnb” because that company does not own my property. I make enough in rental income to cover the cost of owning, but considering the monthly cost is in excess of 3,000.00USD we are truly lucky to have enough money in the account to pay the bills throughout the year. Our management company keeps 25% of each rental, so before you think everyone owning rental property in Grand Cayman is making millions off rentals you might want to do some research.

    • Anonymous says:

      This would ROCK the economy here. Need a more gentle approach. Perhaps net new.

  12. Anonymous says:

    All DCI and government would have to do is actually get off their butt and enforce the penalty provisions of The TBL Act and LCCL Act to fix the issues they bring up in this article… The laws are in place already, the government just does not enforce them….

    39
  13. Anonymous says:

    “fund that will be used, under specific conditions, to buy land to sell to Caymanians at a subsidised rate.” The specific conditions being whose “re election” fund you contributed to, and which realtor you used. Good news is either Mac or Kenny can help you out on both aspects – Chris needs to widen his game.

    37
  14. Anonymous says:

    only a handful of wealthy caymanians will benefit from this idea.

    49
    2
  15. J says:

    Take a good look at those two folks, they are a threat to the well being and the interests of the Cayman Islands and all of her people whether those people may know it yet or not.

    This proposed bill is nothing more than a charlatan attempt to divert attention away from their very own wrong doings which has created the situation which they are now disingenuously attempting to act as if they are not themselves the reason for the situation in the first place.

    Neither of these individuals, or anyone else like them, deserves any position of leadership, power and/or influence.

    Cayman needs change.

    They are not it.

    87
    2
  16. Anonymous says:

    So Mac wants to use CIDB again as his own personal checking account, lawd have mercy.

    And look who they got in charge of CIDB now, Mark Scotland, another UDP-ite.

    GOOD NIGHT HANNAH

    63
  17. Anonymous says:

    A little bit too late Mack…..

    39
  18. Anonymous says:

    As a proper starting point, any entity carrying out business in the Cayman Islands should be 100% Caymanian owned and controlled and, if not, there should be rational and proportionate justification for an exception for such requirements.

    The 60/40 % control and ownership rule has been used and abused at the expense of Caymanians, as well as the relevant legislation is, at certain times, ignored altogether. When things are broken, they need to be fixed.

    46
    10
  19. Anonymous says:

    Let me boil this down for y’all. The change is now simply asking to be paid to front for 100% of the business instead of the existing 60%. Got it?

    42
    1
  20. Anonymous says:

    What or who is this for? That gate has been opened too long!! Is not Dart and many more Developers now Caymanians, sue their friend Developers could be the other 40% will be them. And the cycle continues. I smell a dead rat!!!

    25
    1
  21. Say it like it is says:

    The answer to all these problems for Caymanians is to become a civil servant.

    10
    6
  22. Anonymous says:

    Low hanging fruit. Start with the work permit holders working in bars on smb etc that are running businesses on the side being fronted by Caymanians.

    This is a classic bait and switch. Blame an absolute minority of businesses whilst letting foreigners from Jamaica and everywhere else get away with murder running businesses on the side well within the rules!!

    How about we ban Caymanians from selling out our islands and people fronting for bar staff on SMB, wives of expat lawyers etc.

    Can’t do that. What’s good for the goose after all?

    42
  23. Anonymous says:

    ‘More Caymanians to benefit from development’ or to put it another way … ‘to enable a few well placed Caymanians to benefit’ no doubt including Bush, Saunders and their cronies.

    38
    1
  24. Anonymous says:

    This should have been done 10 yrs ago. Mac i never look a gift horse in the mouth, but, when you were all cushy courting every cash carrying foreign national with deep pockets you were fine with us sitting at the bottom. What changed may i ask? I personally know people who were here on minimum wage getting business loans to start what have become million dollar a year businesses, while the banks claimed me and many others couldn’t qualify. How can we be outnumbered in our own land.

    LTD da unboozler

    25
    1
  25. Anonymous says:

    I endorse this bill.

    14
    30
  26. Anonymous says:

    It takes nothing to become Caymanian so there wont be much impact. He’s maybe 20 years too late. You have to change the immigration laws FIRST.

    60
    7
    • Anonymous says:

      That horse is gone.

      13
    • Anonymous says:

      Agreed. Immigration reform is necessary. Not everyone the world over can be Caymanian.

      Process the bag logged PR and status grant applications, then close the doors for now.

      Our population is growing faster than we can cope with, without getting left behind, and there are solutions.

      The Cayman Islands were once the Islands that time forgot, then, when time caught up and modernization occurred, it forgot about the Caymanian people (our most precious resource).

      It’s time to recalibrate things.

      36
      3
    • Anonymous says:

      Immigration legislation, as well as amending the Local Companies (Control) Act and expanding its scope to cover all businesses entities carrying on business in the Cayman Islands, should all be on the table.

      22
      2
    • Anonymous says:

      Immigration reform (with fairness to people entitled to apply under existing legislation for grants) should be carried out simultaneously with relevant amendments to LCCL legislation that are necessary (for preserving and protecting carrying on business activities, in the Cayman Islands, to be in control and ownership of Caymanians).

      22
  27. Anonymous says:

    There is no need to import foreign unscrupulous business owners: there are more than enough of those available locally.

    71
  28. Anonymous says:

    On the face of it , this is just a pre election populist ploy, but in reality , these two have teamed up to further their personal agendas, leading Cayman to Independence.
    Both are power hungry, greedy and very very dangerous.

    75
    2
  29. Anonymous says:

    Bush is a POS, but he’s correct that this needs to happen (and is lonnnnng overdue.)

    26
    19
    • Anonymous says:

      True dat.

      9
      2
    • Anonymous says:

      Love him or hate him, he’s got the right idea here. Pity that the rest of our politicians have had no intention of proposing anything to benefit the rest of the country. Sure, big Mac will likely benefit too somehow, but this is him acting like it’s the 1990’s again.

      10
      9
  30. Anonymous says:

    Great ideas, idiots. Caymanians, we have got to do better with our politicians. These people have sold our children’s futures and lie by saying it’s expats faults.

    60
    2
    • Anonymous says:

      WE got Kenneth tho’

      5
      10
    • Anonymous says:

      Mac will forever be guilty of the 3,000 status grants in 2003, but the points he made are not wrong.

      The fault doesn’t necessarily lie with expats, the fault lies with Caymanians for letting the situation get out without a satisfactory and effective resolution.

      34
      • Annonymous says:

        Don’t forget the 3,000 turned into 15,000 overnight when the basketload of dependants arrived. To this day it is still the gift that keeps on giving.

  31. Anonymous says:

    And once you lose brain power you can sit in the LA.

    34
    1
    • Anonymous says:

      Not for too much longer. Even the intellectually challenged are realizing that idiots making policy decisions is a very bad idea and will negatively affect them down the line.

      15
      2
      • Anonymous says:

        did you watch the US debate last night… bush looks like a genius compared to those two clowns…

        7
        7
  32. slacker says:

    100% Dart owned.

    27
    3
    • Anonymous says:

      Anti- trust legislation is needed for people like the dart family, whether Caymanian or not, to ensure that vulture capitalists do not corner the market.

      27
  33. Anonymous says:

    There are 14 accounting firms on that list. Why is there a need for 14 accounting firms in the Cayman Islands owned by external interests?

    The local accounting entrepreneurs are taxed heavily by the Regulator CIIPA, DCI, WORC (if you have expat staff) and others and find it difficult to thrive and grow when they have to compete equally with the giants from all over the world.

    Perhaps it may be useful to look at taxing LCCL in a different category and offset some of the tax burdens on small accounting firms.

    27
    7
    • Anonymous says:

      All agreed. Equally important, the principles of Caymanian ownership and control should apply equally to law firms (as they do to accountants and other local businesses).

      Local Companies (Control) Act does not apply to lawyers and law firms, but it does to accountants and accounting firms as was other local businesses. Things need to be on more equal terms.

      18
      3
      • Anonymous says:

        The solicitor general effectively exempted law firms. The problem is not how our laws are written, it is how they are interpreted by those charged with their enforcement.

    • Anonymous says:

      This is soooo short sighted. Those firms fund most of our existence. Those are not the companies you need to worry about.

      You need to worry about all the teeny tiny fronts that exist left right and center. There’s already a law against that. It just needs to be enforced.

      You’ll never get a full moratorium of LCCLs…how is Hyatt or Hilton going to give up 60% to a Caymanian? So, you need to focus on the realistic which is to enforce current anti fronting laws (which btw require a consenting Caymanian to an evade) and go from there.

      No sense in new laws when you can’t enforce the existing ones.

      24
      • Anonymous says:

        Can you articulate how foreign-owned accounting firms fund our existence?

        Like the labor pool, the country should only allow 100% foreign-owned firms to come in under an LCCL where there is a need and a shortage in the local market of a particular industry.

        Whilst the big 4 could be valid exemptions (since they all compete with each other anyway), there is no justification for small and mid-tier firms to be given exemptions to be foreign-owned. This means that profits will most likely be repatriated, and staffing will most likely be work permit holders.

        Part of the issue is the lack of access to capital. As long as foreign-owned firms can compete directly with the local firms the playing field will continue to be tilted in their favour.

        CIIPA charges $5,000 per year for each licensed accountant, DCI charges $2,500, and if you have foreign staff, WORC requires another $13,500. That is $21,000 and the person hasn’t earned a dollar for you as yet. Add to that the firm registration fee, trade and business license etc. and one can see how difficult it is for Caymanian Accountants to get their foot through the door to set up their own firms and compete with those foreign-owned operating and taking revenue from the local market.

        Foreign firms benefit from tax-free income (compared to the jurisdiction of the owners), but what benefit is there for local firms?

        I support the notion for the list of companies with LCCL to be reviewed with a view to only allowing those where there is a need and a shortage in the local market. That is how it started, I’m not sure how we got to where we are.

        10
        3
        • Anonymous says:

          “.. staffing will most likely be work permit holders.” Not because the firms are foreign owned. There are over 1100 accountants registered with CIIPA. How on earth do you expect the firms to staff drawn only from Caymans schools?

          2
          1
          • Anonymous says:

            Because those 1,100 people are not all working for public firms. Besides, with a population of over 40,000 it is not mathematically impossible to find 1,100 accountants.

  34. Anonymous says:

    This is the problem with Bush. Sometimes he talks sense. But no one can take what he says seriously anymore, can we?

    39
    2
    • a says:

      no, as of 20+ years ago. He is a disgrace. Cayman voters are a disgrace to keep him in office. Cayman deserves what it has elected – expats are the ONLY element to save this piece of rock for a few more years, and we will leave in an eyeblink when necessary! (Yea, you won’t like this reality check, but the truth sucks).

      20
      3
      • Annonymous says:

        6.12pm You would be correct if Expats didn’t include Jamaicans who are the majority of voters now.

  35. Anonymous says:

    Hey Guys

    You do realize you passed a Trade & Business Licensing Act that no longer requires Caymanians to be in actual ownership of anything?

    Section 2.:

    “Caymanian owned and controlled” means, in the case of a company, where no less than sixty percent of —
    (a) the voting rights attached to each class of shares in the company is
    beneficially held by Caymanians; and
    (b) the directors of the company are Caymanian, and that sixty percent of the voting rights and directorships is enjoyed by Caymanians, to the exclusion of any other person, and cannot by means of any arrangement, artifice or device be exercised either directly or indirectly by persons who are not Caymanian;

    This means that Caymanians only need to own the voting shares. They need not have any genuine ownership or profit share even without an LCCL.

    Our government has failed us. Who do we hold accountable, and how?

    29
    5
    • Anonymous says:

      The Minister of Commerce directs policy with respect to the Trade and Business Licensing Act and the Local Companies (Control) Act. Perhaps starting with accountability there is not a bad place.

      15
    • Anonymous says:

      >This means that Caymanians only need to own the voting >shares. They need not have any genuine ownership or profit >share even without an LCCL.

      What do you think ownership of voting shares means when it comes to owning a company versus whatever you think “genuine ownership” means?

      6
      1
      • Anonymous says:

        You can have different classes of shares. 1,000 voting shares and 1,000 profit shares. The law no longer requires Caymanians to participate in profit shares, at all.

        11
        • Anonymous says:

          This provision in the Trade and Business Licensing Act needs to be amended. What was Parliament thinking?

    • Anonymous says:

      No, it means what it says. Majority control of the voting shares, which allow the replacement of any of the directors and the control of the company’s management, and 100% of the directorships. That’s control of the company. The problem is not the law; as usual in Cayman it’s enforcement of the law. Fronting by Caymanians
      who hold the shares under a private deal not to exercise voting rights or control or on the back of “loans” which allow the shares to be taken from them if they don’t play the game, and wholesale granting of LCCLs where no local ownership is needed. LCCLs are only meant to be awarded where there is a clear advantage for Caymanian having the company and no Caymanian prepared to invest. 250 LCCLs? Really?

      5
      1
  36. Anonymous says:

    Hopefully voters in Bodden Town West are making note of who Saunders is joining up with. Hopefully they will be alarmed now if they weren’t before. He has always been a Big Mac follower and is an “ends justifies the means” politician as long as the ends benefit him.

    36
    3
    • Anonymous says:

      Oh yes we are!

      Nevertheless HELP is on the way!!!

    • Anonymous says:

      BTW voters will not see anything wrong with this partnership. They will be encouraged that this is just another step towards the Jamaicanisation of Cayman.

      17
      2
  37. Anonymous says:

    I smell 2 rats. With these guys its always about money into their pockets or votes in an upcoming election. I don’t disagree with the concept but coming from these 2 you have to be on guard. Bush was the man responsible for elimination of the Caymanian Protection Law back when he was brokering a deal to sell Island Companies, a locally owned jewelry business to a 100% foreign owned company. He got rid of Caymanian protection then for a big personal payoff and now he’s acting like his people have been victimized by the same LCCL law he ushered in. He’s very good at talking out of both sides of his mouth.

    45
    1
    • Anonymous says:

      Is there anything we rue the day of that he or Jim Bodden weren’t responsible for?

      10
      1
    • Anonymous says:

      A new and improved version of the Cayman Protection Law (on steroids) needs to be injected and reintroduced that is extended into every business sector, employment and immigration policy, as well as into real property ownership considerations and policy to ensure that Caymanian ownership and control of local resources is not depleted further than it is already.

      13
      1
  38. Anonymous says:

    Why the Cayman Development Bank? Why not First Cayman Bank?

    30
  39. Bodden Towner says:

    Real estate, property firms and construction companies up to $1.5 million – that’s not going to make a significant difference. This figure should be substantially higher than that. McKeeva has done nothing in the past to stop this from happening so why is he so concerned now about non Caymanians running businesses?

    27
    • Anonymous says:

      With the 3,000 status grants, which was aimed at the UDP getting votes in due course, was a failed attempt and now Mac, more than anyone, is needing to right some his wrongs to the Caymanian people.

      12
      2
      • Annonymous says:

        7.45pm It was a successful attempt. No-one can get elected nowadays without kissing up to the Jamaican passe.

  40. Anonymous says:

    Mack – You gave many those unscrupulous business owners and developers status. Much of the problem is of your making!

    42
  41. Anonymous says:

    This is the same fool who sold Cayman and Caymanians out on 31 December, 2003 (aka the Mass Status Giveaway).

    Now, having fully Jamaicanized the place, he’s playing from the Mugabe Policy Manual.

    48
    2
  42. Anonymous says:

    Very good proposal, despite the messengers, that takes the pragmatic view of understanding that Caymanians require commercial opportunities, which, at many times, have been intercepted by non-Caymanians (for whatever reason, whether with innocent intentions or not).

    LCCLs are being granted too freely and, when companies controlled and owned by non-Caymanians carry on business in breach of the legislation, there is poor enforcement by D.C.I. and the DPP, as well as a nonchalant attitude taken by the courts to such breaches by non-Caymanians.

    This is an important issue of Caymanian protection for opportunities in business and in ensuring Caymanians enjoy and control the socio-economic benefits in the Cayman Islands, rather than being marginalized, as it now stands.

    Let’s hope this is not merely pre-election rhetoric, which is intended to prop up these MPs favor with the electorate, but instead genuine desire to do right by the Caymanian people. Good idea. Now let’s see action.

    31
    3
  43. Corruption is endemic says:

    First Mac is never far from anything that could be used for corruption.

    Second this plan would just let all the people he enabled to become Caymanian earn more income from Fronting.

    Third no one should have any faith in CIG to be picking which industries to “protect” for Caymanians and who should benefit. More use of the Cayman Development Bank to funnel cash to favourites or some politically appointed board getting to decide who gets subsidised land is frightening

    This is a very bad idea which hopefully does not pass.

    28
    4
    • Anonymous says:

      The idea of Caymanian protection is a rational and logical notion in the Cayman Islands for relevant topic areas (including business, profession and employment, as well as immigration policy).

      5
      1
  44. Anonymous says:

    once you lose economic power, you lose political power.

    48
    2

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.